The Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) is associated with many different ways to control air pollution, due to the large amount of air pollutants which affect the world, in America alone over 30 million people are diagnosed with asthma, affecting on a daily level air pollution. Their agency develops technical policies and national programs, providing answers and solutions in order to assist the people on earth to prevent air pollution and energy efficiency. The quality of air in both indoor and outdoor settings play a big part in their programs to better control air pollution, with additional areas of industrial air pollution, radon, acid rain, vehicle and engine pollution, climate changes, radiation protection, and stratospheric ozone depletion.

Air pollution plays a big role in the lives of global citizens as the majority drives some form of vehicle which requires fuel, and their homes have some form of heat or coolants. Major manufacturing chemicals are used at home or at work in a wide variety of ways, in some form or another. What most of us do not realize is that serious air pollutants also come from something as simple as putting gas in our car on the way to the grocery store; painting our front porch, or taking clothes to the dry cleaner. Every step of the way causes air pollution of some form or another. Ways to control air pollution are developed with all of this in mind by the OAR on a daily basis.

Small amounts may not harm us, but large concentrations will kill usand the control of air pollution does not seem to keep up with the high demands of society. Large cities with excessive populations require more and more vehicles, industrial jobs, commercial operationsall concluding that more pollution is affecting our planet. Each adult will consume 3,000 gallons of air per day, with children consuming even more per pound per body weight. More simply put, children are more susceptible to air pollution of some type which in a healthy child will cause breathing difficulties, irritated throats, and eye problems.

Air pollutants can also remain in the environment for extended periods of time, especially those that form toxic compounds and urban smog. They can also be carried by the wind for hundreds of miles from where they originatedin areas where people live on both endsexposed to small toxic particles and urban smog. To successfully control air pollution would require the dedication of every person on our planet, as long-term exposure exposes everyone to air pollutants, causing cancer, immune damage, damage to neurological systems, in addition to those of the reproductive and respiratory systems which eventually may lead to death. We are affected by our surroundingsnear and farregardless how we live our own lives. What we need to remember is that we can live only moments without air, unlike food and water. Most of us realize that air pollution damages animal life, lakes, crops, trees, and the natural environment but few fully realize that our own life is also in danger because of it, or even to what extent we will suffer.

The federal government was given the authority to clean up our country’s air pollution in 1970, when the Environmental Protection Agency was formed, passing the Clean Air Act. From that moment on, a huge variety of agencies have formed to reduce air pollution levels across America. And it is a start but they cannot do it alone.

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The control of air pollution lies within the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division (APPCD) of the National Risk Management Research Laboratory. Involving research and development of air pollution prevention, while it also controls advanced technologies for electric power plants, sources for greenhouse gases, key industries, and incinerators. The APPCD is in the International clean technology developmental project division which is a major aspect for the control of air pollution, while maintaining a close relationship with industry, academia, trade, and professional organizations. A large area, it offers a very large umbrella over the average home in the United States, which produces more than 12 tons of CO2 a year with electricity, water, and heating alone. With over 103 million homes in our country, that brings up 1,236,000,000 tons for the United States amount of CO2 annually.

The control of air pollution is concentrated in the APPCD within these main areasair topics, ozone, global climate change, fine particles, indoor Aair quality–with engineers, administrative professionals and scientists doing the researching and management. There are also six branches within the APPCD for the control of air pollution:

Administrative Operations Staff
Air Pollution Technology Branch
Atmospheric Protection Branch
Emissions Characterization and Prevention Branch
Indoor Environment Management Branch
Technical Services BranchResearch plays a big picture within the APPCD, a major characterization of air pollution sources in addition to the verification of innovative technology performances. The working processes involve a variety of ways to achieve the control of air pollutionresearch that is in house, interagency agreements with many other federal governmental entities, cooperative agreements with non-profit organizations and academia groups, along with contracts with for-profit companies and environmental consultants.

Key facts for the control of air pollution through the World Health Organization:
Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health and is estimated to cause approximately 2 million premature deaths worldwide per year.
Exposure to air pollutants is largely beyond the control of individuals and requires action by public authorities at the national, regional and even international levels.
The WHO Air quality guidelines represent the most widely agreed and up-to-date assessment of health effects of air pollution, recommending targets for air quality at which the health risks are significantly reduced.
By reducing particulate matter (PM10) pollution from 70 to 20 micrograms per cubic metre, we can cut air quality related deaths by around 15%.
By reducing air pollution levels, we can help countries reduce the global burden of disease from respiratory infections, heart disease, and lung cancer.
The WHO guidelines provide interim targets for countries that still have very high levels of air pollution to encourage the gradual cutting down of emissions. These interim targets are: a maximum of three days a year with up to 150 micrograms of PM10 per cubic metre (for short term peaks of air pollution), and 70 micrograms per cubic metre for long term exposures to PM10.
More than half of the burden from air pollution on human health is borne by people in developing countries. In many cities, the average annual levels of PM10(the main source of which is the burning of fossil fuels) exceed 70 micrograms per cubic metre. The guidelines say that, to prevent ill health, those levels should be lower than 20 micrograms per cubic metre.

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Water is a free natural resource for everyone, with water pollution considered as any change in the natural composition of water due to any type of human activity that formed the pollution. The majority seems to be caused by polluting a substance which at first does not seem offensive at all, or even harmful, yet eventually develops into it. The pollutants involved are either toxic or non-toxic, depending on what they arefood production waste, industrial toxics, manure slurry, or silage effluentbut the results will be the same when they end up in large bodies of water. With water considered a vital aspect to the planet, the long process of effective control of water pollution has been around awhile, beginning with the Water Pollution Control Ordinance and its ongoing series of amendmentswith the same goal of control of water pollution.

Concern in the United States over water pollution dates back to the 1899 Federal Rivers and Harbors Actthe Refuse Actwhich prevents any refuse disposal from entering any lakes, navigable rivers, streams, or any other body of water without a permit. In 1948 the Water Pollution Control Act gave the Surgeon General authority to reduce water pollution, with water being considered contaminated when it was unfit to support human life and is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants. To maintain the control of water pollution, this act was established to regulate the pollutant discharges into the U.S. waters, regulating the standards for quality surface waters. Implementing specific water pollutant programs, a water quality standard was developed for all surface water contaminantsbeginning with setting industry standards for wastewatermaking it illegal to allow any point-source pollutant enter navigable water without a permit.

The control of water pollution begins with a source or point-of-origin that are divided into categories: point-source pollution refers to some form of contaminant that enters the waters through a subtle or discreet point source; the non-point source pollution refers to a contamination which originates from a not-so-subtle or discrete source–with more attention being derived from point sources. Legislature and control of water pollution agencies have primarily focused on point sources at the beginning, but lately greater attention is on non-point sources because of the rapid spread of urbanization and suburbanization of developing areas. Homes that are not connected to a public municipal system use septic systems of some form, while industrial or municipal industries require permits for their discharges to enter directly into surface waters.

The EPA has regulations divided up into ten areas, serving as a a staff member enforcing a compliance with regulations for control of water pollution.

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Water in India for years has defined how life has existed for its large population, controlled by their country’s age-old monsoon climates with its countless devastationstoo much rain forming flooded areas and rivers rising to villages and towns, and causing the issues of too little rain which eventually leads to semi-arid regions of extreme drought. But somehow, adequate water supplies in India have always been provided through the country’s combination of groundwater resources, surface resources, and rainfallat least until lately. And now their water situation involves getting control of water pollution. In India, a country where previously it seemed as if it was not a problem.

Increasing development and poor land management practices in India are the cause of siltration and changing stream hydraulics, all leading to water pollution. This required the imposing of a duty on every Indian citizen for their assistance in the control of water pollution in India, beginning in 1976 with the India parliament passing its 42nd amendment to safeguard their environment. With this act, India was the first country to involve its citizens in the safeguard their own country, to “protect and improve the natural environmentand to have compassion for living creatures”. From this, there developed seven Prevention & Control regulations which more or less involves control of water pollution in India, from which began the 1974 Water Act (Prevention & Control): the Water Act of 1974; the Water Cess Act of 1974; the Air Act of 1981, the Environment Act of 1986, the Hazardous Waste Rule, including Management and Handling of 1989; and the public liability Insurance Act of 1991.

A huge source of water pollution in India, in addition to other developing countries, is distillery industries. This involves approximately y 88% of raw materials converted into waste and then discharged into nearby bodies of watercausing high levels of water pollution of appreciable organic loads. Not appealing, is it colored with high acidic properties and an extremely nasty odor. Not only does control of water pollution in India become jeopardized at this time, but causes serious environmental issues.

One way India has overcome this major pollution is through biocompostinga major control of water pollution in India with present research going on for its conversion of distillery waste. Another study going on for the control of water pollution in India is the study of abiotic factors which affect the rate of decomposition. Several works are going on to observe the ill effects of this toxin and observe the reduction of its quantity and quality into the biocompost utilizing a similar method with chemical fertilizers.

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Electrical pollution is causing a large area of concern within some of the private sectors, a term that is referred to many as “dirty power” but has no scientific basis for it in engineering or electrical science. A loose term, it describes several types of electrical phenomenastray voltages, electric and magnetic fields, earth currents, and transients and high frequency noisewhile making the person inside the home very ill. Normal clean electricity enters the home at 60 Hz, while electrical pollution is referred to as 60 Hz of electricity polluted with high frequency signalsor “dirty” powerflowing through the wires and through Earth. Understanding how to control electrical pollution is best understand by looking at both sides of the picture.

Electrical data can be measured by very sophisticated measuring devices, but it can be misunderstood by many which adds to the fear of being exposed to “electrical pollution”. Yet there actually are many normal incidents of naturally occurring electrical phenomena which actually do arise from the use of everyday electricity, with many misused terms still being used. The high frequency noise labeled by many as part of the electrical pollution, the phrase “how to control electrical pollution” is considered by those who work in the field as looking at certain sources of electrical pollution, addressed at the source through local action.

Professionals in the field looks at electrical pollution caused by cell towers, with a Wisconsin county passing an ordinance in reference to it requiring compliance with the IEEE-519. In Europe, harmonic filers are required on non-linear and time-varying loads but not in the United States. In the United States, “how to control electrical pollutions” is not even recognized.

A huge worry for those involved with learning how to control electrical pollution is the high frequency noises on the wires. Created by the end user of whichever devise is involved, the noise is actually small compared to that in our homes of 120 volts at our lamp wall outlet. The source of high frequency nose and the transient sources is the end user. How to control electrical pollution involves some form of electrical knowledge, recognizing that the transmitted noise cannot be heard too far away from its source due to its design. This same noise is known as “white noise” on the television screen or fuzzy buzzing within our communications systems.

Electrical pollution is associated with illness or not feeling well, but there is no proven link between electrical pollutions or human diseasechronic fatigue syndrome, weakness, headache, nervousness, and fibromyalgiaand no scientific evidence to prove such a relationship exists. How to control electrical pollution requires being totally objective on both sides, and if we worry too much about something or someone or electrical pollution, we will make ourself sick

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Recognizing the need for measures to control air pollution involves education and research, which informs us that the burning of biomass and fossil fuels is the most significant air pollutant source and major anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide there is on the planet. Another high number for pollution is the energy supply increase of 57% between the years 1973 and 1998oil, natural gas, and coalalong with lesser forms such as nuclear, hydropower, and other sources. The energy supply varied from one area of the world over another, with biomass considered an important energy source in developing worlds. Unfortunately, it is also a number one source of indoor air pollution in these same countriesrequiring tighter measures to control air pollution.

Yet quite recently, there has been a decline and stabilization of air pollutant emissions in industrialized countries, due to abatement policies that have been developed and put in place since the late 1900s. Cost effective pollution measures were put in place as a result of cooperation between environmental protective measures in addition to economic growth.

Acid rain, or acid precipitation, is a major environmental concern which requires stricter measures to control air pollution, measured recently in Europe and North America along with recent observations in China. Lost fish populations in Scandinavia were due to acidification from the 1950s to 1980s, but there has been a 70% reduction in some European areas of the anthropogenic SO2 emissions which were leading to acid rain. A large recovery of natural acid balance was developed because of this, pointing to excellent applications for measures to control air pollution. The United States has recently had a 40% reduction within the United States of the same yet Asia and the Pacific Region are increasing in their use of coal along with high sulphur fuels which is raising emission levels to a serious environmental threat.

Rapid urbanization is resulting in an increase in many major cities with the air quality guidelines of the World Health Organizational occasionally not met, as measures to control air pollution are demonstrating in areas such as Calcutta, Mexico City, Beijing, and Rio de Janeirohigh levels of SMP are being shown. Additionally, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which transport over long distances through the air–found in polar areas and are known to decay rather slowly. Serious regional impacts upon the environment can occur, accumulating in animal fats which represent health risks. Measues to control air pollution POPs are to eliminate the production and usage of intentionally produced POPs, eliminating any unintentional need for them if possible.

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As time goes on, what used to work in the pollution department is becoming outdated and not quite as efficient. New pollution control efforts have recently tightened up their standards in order to remove higher amounts of pollution from overly-populated cities and countries that are now surrounded by acid rain, smog, toxic contamination, potential health risks, and increases in cancer and respiratory illnessesall which are contributing to global warming. Recent changes in new pollution control efforts are the results of a previous national pollution and greenhouse gas emissions overview.

The numbers showed high nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, in addition to greenhouse gasesall part of the focus of the Clean Air Actwhile in Canada they are regulated as toxic substances under the Canada Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), who also regulates toxic chemicals such as mercury and lead. Numbers in Canada were increasingly high with the latest survey, with the CEPA stepping up to bat this year with new developments for reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants under their new plan, “Turning the Corner Plan.” This new regime in Canada is considered the absolute toughest regulatory in the world to reduce greenhouse gases to 20% by 2050, requiring action by all areasCanada’s federal government, provinces, industry, municipalities, and the average Canadian citizens.

Two key components of the Canada’s new plan are the “Credit for Early Action Program” and the “Offset System,” with the plan’s regulations to be finalized by 2009 and coming into play by January 1, 2010. Additionally, the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) will be regulated in specific products, with VOCs considered a precursor pollutant that contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone and particulate matterboth primary ingredients of smog. This plan had begun on October 21, 2006, with a Notice of Intent which allowed them to develop an approach that would regulate air pollutant emissions and industrial greenhouse gases. On April 26, 2007, they unveiled their “Turning the Corner” plan to do as such, in addition to outlining regulatory measures: (1) to reduce emissions from the transportation sector, (2) actions on consumer and commercial products, and (3) actions to improve indoor air quality.

On the other side of the coin is the rapidly developing air pollution from East Asia, containing large amounts of brown carbon particles with no atmospheric models that can incorporate its effects. The only types of climate models being used presently are organic carbon and black carbon, that which arises from the burning of biomass or fossil fuels. Meanwhile, black carbon absorbs light and warms the atmosphere while organic carbon absorbs light and has no warming effect, absorbing at a negligible level.

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Big name companies are beginning to make serious commitments to pollution control within their industries, excellent results being achieved by curbing carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides within these global industrial powers. However, using strategies that will control the ozone in the lower atmosphere, scientists are still finding it difficult at best to quantify the short-lived pollutants’ effects for green house issues. And the two main gases–nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxideare controlling, through tropospheric chemistry, the “major” greenhouse gases of methane, hydrofluorocarbons, and the ozone. In a nutshell, this is what pollution control is all about.

In the present 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, scientists are using this world-wide event as an excellent opportunity to observe different forms of pollution control and its effects. They are looking at what types of atmospheric response will develop in an overly-populated region with the curbing of everyday industrial emissions. This involves a study called “Cheju ABD Plume-Monsoon Experiment”, including a series of flights that will be specially equipped unmanned aircraft developed in La Jolla, CA–referred to as autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (AUAVs). It will be fascinating to see what the results are from this study after the Olympics are over.

But let us look at the other side of the coin of pollution control–that of the average person. What can they do for their share in saving the world–is there a blueprint or a step-by-step ladder to follow? According to air quality inspector Mark Elliott, the average person spends about 90% of their time in the home, with many home constructions containing over 3,000 building products that contain asbestos at one time or another. Knowledge and research are the number one enemies in developing a working plan for pollution control among individual areas, beginning first within the home. What may be bad in one location may not be in another, so researching toxics and different ways to combat pollution is a one-person battle, with each person doing their part. Surrounding the average citizen on a larger scale are roadways and distribution centers, dry cleaners, marine ports, and airports.

Some states have formed Environmental Quality Councils or Acts (i.e. Wyoming Environmental Quality Council, California Environmental Quality Act). These form different levels of pollution control within their states on an individual level. California has “an emphasis on the process and technical requirements for environmental impact assessment” whereas the big state of Wyoming has a huge agenda:

“Whereas pollution of the air, water and land of this state will imperil public health and welfare, create public or private nuisances, be harmful to wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and impair domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational and other beneficial uses; it is hereby declared to be the policy and purpose of this act to enable the state to prevent, reduce and eliminate pollution; to preserve, and enhance the air, water and reclaim the land of Wyoming..”

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The world is full of news about pollution on Earth, both good and bad, and involves an exceptionally wide range of pollutants. This requires the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its Science Advisory Board to provide advice and recommendations within this area, using their pollution control board. If something requires a specific regulation, this EPA board establishes a Federal advisory committee for advice on that subject. Many areas of discussion are involved within the EPA pollution control boardacid rain, water, air, pollution is different countries and areas, topics and issues of global warming, ecosystems, wetlands, urban, mobile sources, indoor air pollutants, and radon. In addition to the EPA Science Advisory Board are the National Advisory Council for Environmental Policy & Technology and the Environmental Financing Advisory Board.

Pollution has become a sign of the times, with the pollution control board of the EPA going clear back online to 1994. Not a simple thing to research any information unless you have a focused destination, the EPA offers over 30 specific pollutants and hundreds of departments for each oneplus the state involved, 13 different issuing offices, and over 16 subject mattersall within one pollution control board. Preventing pollution is considered as “reducing or eliminating waste at the source”, a counter-effect to their online statement regarding pollution–”The United States of America annually produces millions of tons of pollution and spends tens of billions of dollars per year controlling this pollution.” This requires several steps set forth by the EPA pollution control board as a key policy in national environmental protection activities as follows:

Modifying production processes
Promoting the use of non-toxic or less-toxic substances
Implementing conservation techniques
Re-using materials rather than putting them into the waste stream

The laws of the United States are passed through Congress which govern our country, with the EPA’s pollution control board and other governmental agencies creating and enforce certain regulations to follow those laws. By periodically assessing new information as it comes in, the EPA may find that a regulation is not needed or news need to be developed. Issues are abandoned and alternative courses of action may be required, such as using their 30 voluntary partnership programs that improve environmental management for specific aspects. Other areas are economic incentives and technical assistance.

The EPA motto seems to be doing “whatever it takes” as they go beyond the traditional governmental “command and control” regulations, creating unique approaches to solving problems within their pollution control board by utilizing those with degrees in business, statistics, sociology, education, and public policy. The EPA uses public involvement for many of its pollution issues, set up by the National Center for Environmental Innovation, an area which utilizes their outreach department, defined by its interaction purpose and the level of involvement with those involved. Three other public areas used by this are information exchange, recommendation, and agreementall governed by the pollution control board specializing in that particular pollutant area.

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The Pollution Control Department (PCD) is a division of the National Environment Agency (NEA), providing necessary requirements for control of pollution by assessing and considering the impact of all environmental developments on a new industry before it is allowed to go any further in its development. Any planning and development requires the associated authorities to consult with this organization first, with the PCD researching the proposals while ensuring that the industrial or residential development is accurately and properly sited, compatible with its appropriate land use.

If the development involves a new industry, the PCD will process its building plans against its environmental impact in order to prevent any unmanageable safety hazards or health risksa major concern for the requirements for control of pollution. It will only pass if its pollutant emissions comply with standard codes, the company can provide and guarantee a safe management and disposal of wastes, and if the site is a suitable one.

Additional safety requirements for control of pollution involve other areas, such as legislation, water pollution control, air pollution control, and hazardous substances controlwith each one having their own set of requirements to maintain pollution control:

LEGISLATION requirements for control of pollution
o Environment Pollution Control Act (EPCA) came into operation on April 1, 1999.
Consolidates previous separate laws on (1) air, (2) water, (3) noise pollution, and (4) hazardous substances control
Provides a comprehensive framework of legislative control of environmental pollution
o Title amended on January 1, 2008 to the Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA)
Provided for protection and management of environment and resource conservation
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL requirements for control of pollution
o Serves all industrial estates and all residential premises
o All wastewater is required to go into the public sewer system operated by a Public Utilities Board
o Industrial wastewater is required to be treated by specific standards before entering any sewer or water course
o Industries containing large amounts of acidic effluent require the installment of pH monitoring and shut-off control system to prevent its entrance into public sewer
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL requirements for control of pollution
o Industrial and power generation plants are equipped with pollution control equipment
Required to comply with air emission standards
Specified in the Environmental Protection and Management (Air Impurities) Regulations
Revised standards developed on January 1, 2001
Replaced the Clean Act (Standards) Regulations of 1978
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES CONTROL requirements for control of pollution
o Governed by the EPMA, the Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) Regulations, and the Environmental Protection and Management (Ozone Depleting Substances Regulations)
o License is required for any person who imports, sells, exports, purchases, stores, and or uses any hazardous substance under the Act.
o Permit is required for anyone who purchases, stores or/and uses any hazardous substance under the control of the Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) Regulations
o Transport approval is required for anyone who wishes to transport hazardous substances in quantities exceeding those specified in the Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) Regulations
TOXIC INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONTROL requirements for control of pollution
o Refers to oil, waste acids, spent solvents, waste sludge, spent etchants, and waste alkalis,
Solvents, waste oil, and spent etchants are recycled
Landfills are required for waste sludge

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